My analysis focuses on two contrasting yet interconnected dimensions of Sinclair's portrayal of the maternal in Harriett Frean: namely the Victorian idealisation of motherhood, and Sinclair's depiction of baby farming, the dark repressed side of Victorian maternity. For both authors, these questions were centred on motherhood. Like Virginia Woolf, who struggled with the emotionally and creatively limiting legacies of the Angel in the House, Sinclair also battled Victorian ideals, both in her writing and her personal life.

My chapter examines Sinclair's critique of the continued influence and impact of these pervasive Victorian ideals and values into the modernist period. Patmore's poem was highly influential and continued to resonate into the twentieth century (Cossins 2015: 64). In her discussion of Coventry Patmore's poem ‘The Angel in the House’ in relation to Victorian constructions of femininity, Annie Cossins concludes that Patmore ‘lauded the selfless devotion and submissiveness of the Victorian feminine ideal woman and modelled the angel on his wife, Emily, the “perfect” woman’ (Cossins 2015: 63).

This concern can be seen in Virginia Woolf's novels To the Lighthouse(1927) and Mrs Dalloway(1925), and Katherine Mansfield's short story ‘Bliss’ (1918), where mother-figures struggle against invisibility and idealised maternity in a patriarchal society which frequently diminishes them, and yearn to express their creativity and sexuality. Such themes reflect a more general preoccupation in modernist women's writing with motherhood, agency and sexuality. I explore Sinclair's novel as a modernist work of historical fiction, analysing its use of modernist thematic and textual strategies in reassessing Victorian values and representations.

My discussion focuses specifically on Sinclair's critique of idealised Victorian motherhood in the novel, and on its portrayals of mothering practices, femininity and class. This chapter examines May Sinclair's representations of mother figures and maternity in her 1922 novel Life and Death of Harriett Frean.

The Baby Farmers by Annie Cossins